GraphPlanner: Graph Memory-Augmented Agentic Routing for Multi-Agent LLMs

Tao Feng, Haozhen Zhang, Zijie Lei, Peixuan Han, Jiaxuan You

International Conference on Learning Representations 2026 (ICLR 2026) Conference

LLM routing has achieved promising results in integrating the strengths of di- verse models while balancing efficiency and performance. However, to support more realistic and challenging applications, routing must extend into agentic LLM settings—where task planning, multi-round cooperation among heterogeneous agents, and memory utilization are indispensable. To address this gap, we pro- pose GraphPlanner, a heterogeneous graph memory-augmented agentic router for multi-agent LLMs that generates routing workflows for each query and sup- ports both inductive and transductive inference. GraphPlanner formulates workflow generation as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), where at each step it selects both the LLM backbone and the agent role (Planner, Executor, Sum- marizer). By leveraging a heterogeneous graph, denoted as GARNet, to capture interaction memories among queries, agents, and responses, GraphPlanner integrates historical memory and workflow memory into richer state represen- tations. The entire pipeline is optimized with reinforcement learning, jointly improving task-specific performance and computational efficiency. We evalu- ate GraphPlanner across 14 diverse LLM tasks and demonstrate that: (1) GraphPlanner outperforms strong single- and multi-round routers, improv- ing accuracy by up to 9.3% while reducing GPU cost from 186.26 GiB to 1.04 GiB; (2) GraphPlanner generalizes robustly to unseen tasks and LLMs, exhibiting strong zero-shot capabilities; and (3) GraphPlanner effectively leverages historical memories, supporting both inductive and transductive infer- ence for more adaptive routing. Our code for GraphPlanner is released at https://github.com/ulab-uiuc/GraphPlanner.